Same-Sex Adoption free essay sample

A paper indicating the advantages and disadvantages of gay couples embracing kids. It is evaluated that somewhere in the range of one and 9,000,000 American kids have at any rate one parent who is gay. While a large portion of these youngsters were delivered in a hetero relationship before the gay parent ?came out,? an expanding number of same-sex accomplices are turning out to be guardians through appropriation or non-permanent parenting. This paper investigates research and suppositions in favor and against selection of kids by same-sex couples. In any case, it must be tended to that, to a huge degree, this is an obscure zone in light of the fact that the time of increased birth rates is still youthful. There arent enough same-sex appropriations to be a delegate test. While my conjecture is that having guardians who are of a similar sex wont be the significant concentration in a teenagers life, it will in any case subject that person to prodding and homophobic responses from his/her companions. We will compose a custom article test on Same-Sex Adoption or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page (Martin) what's more, while state laws are changing, numerous states are as yet being affected by homophobia. Subsequently, lawfully, same-sex couples can embrace, yet many will be denied the open door in any case. Recently has it gotten increasingly typical for same-sex couples to receive kids and it is difficult to make exact inferences on the drawn out impacts same-sex reception will have on kids.

Visual Web-Based User Manuals Essay Example

Visual Web-Based User Manuals Essay Visual Web-Based User Manuals Name: Course: Organization: We will compose a custom paper test on Visual Web-Based User Manuals explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Visual Web-Based User Manuals explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Visual Web-Based User Manuals explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Teacher: Date: Methods Visual online client manuals are directions or client manages on instructive sites. Since development has empowered web based learning, it is significant for educators to utilize compelling methods by fusing fundamental dynamic learning standards in the website’s exceptional highlights. The key perspective in such manner is to create learning goals that will assist the clients with identifying what they are required to know before the finish of the course. Specialized assets and prior programming must likewise be placed into thought in the advancement of an intelligent UI. The teacher ought to along these lines guarantee similarity and accommodation to empower simple access by the client and that more data is accessible. Viability and intelligence is likewise upgraded by making sure about responsibility of all clients, for example, the understudies, personnel, managers and advancement of entries to connect every one of them. The utilization of hyperlinks, online correspondence and mixed media are successful when talk substance are coordinated with them inventively. The imaginative utilization of slideshows, sound, messages and pictures ought to be directed to maintain a strategic distance from deviation from the learning goals. They ought to likewise be lined up with instructional plan. Hyperlinks will permit the client to explore through the pages in the instructive sites. Video and sound conferencing over the web, online conversation, messages and chartrooms furnish far reaching on the web correspondence with a powerful input framework. The client can pose inquiries and explain certain subjects to check their level of comprehension. Educators can upgrade the inclining procedure by making, straightf orward, productive and alluring website pages. They ought to likewise give chances to self-appraisal, discovering that is issue based and self-coordinated. On execution, hyperlinks and online correspondence ought to be checked and observed intermittently to forestall trouble in getting to the electronic client manuals. Advantages and Challenges There are a few advantages of giving online manuals. Interactive media and designs fused in the online manuals makes them alluring to the clients, thus inspires them to glance through and comprehend. The consideration of hyperlinks takes into account simple and productive route of the site pages. The client can get to more data on the specific course if strategies of online correspondence, hyperlinks and interactive media are applied with exactness. Visual online manuals likewise have a preferred position of bigger space for adequate bundling when contrasted with paper manual and they decrease monotony. Difficulties remember trouble for utilizing the manuals among certain students, incongruence with various internet browsers and improvement of compelling route through hyperlinks. On the off chance that the client doesn't have online network, the individual in question can't get to the manual. In this way a paper manual must be delivered alongside the online manual and this expands co sts.

Hallucination Types, Causes, and Examples

Hallucination Types, Causes, and Examples Bipolar Disorder Symptoms Print Hallucination Types, Causes, and Examples By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 01, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on June 25, 2019 Tim Robberts Collection/ Stone / Getty Images More in Bipolar Disorder Symptoms Mania and Hypomania Depression Diagnosis Treatment The word hallucination comes from Latin and means to wander mentally. Hallucinations have been defined as the perception of a nonexistent object or event and sensory experiences that are not caused by stimulation of the relevant sensory organs. In laymans terms, hallucinations involve hearing, seeing, feeling, smelling, or even tasting things that are not real. However, auditory hallucinations, hearing voices or other sounds that have no physical source, are the most common type. Hallucinations Can Occur With Bipolar Disorder Hallucinations are most often associated with  schizophrenia. However, they may also occur when you have  bipolar disorder when either your depression or mania has psychotic features or symptoms, which include hallucinations and delusions. Sometimes people with bipolar disorder are misdiagnosed with schizophrenia because they may have psychotic symptoms. Hallucinations are one possible characteristic specifically of bipolar I disorder, both in mania and in depression. In bipolar II, hallucinations may occur only during depression.  Cyclothymia by definition excludes the presence of hallucinations. If you have hallucinations and/or delusions, chances are good that youve been diagnosed with bipolar disorder with psychotic features. Types of Hallucinations There are five types of hallucinations, including: Auditory: This is the most common type of hallucination. You may hear voices or sounds that no one else can.Visual: You may see people, colors, shapes, or items that arent real. This is the second most common type of hallucination.Tactile: You may feel sensations or feel like youre being touched when youre not. This can include a feeling of bugs crawling all over you or under your skin. These hallucinations rarely occur in bipolar disorder.Olfactory: You smell something that no one else can and that has no physical source. This type is less common than visual and auditory.Taste: You have a taste in your mouth that has no source. This is the rarest type of hallucination. Other Causes of Hallucinations Not only do hallucinations occur in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, but they can also occur in these physical and psychological instances as well: Schizoaffective disorderMigraineEpilepsyAlcohol or drug withdrawalMiddle or inner ear diseasesStrokeAuditory nerve diseasePost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)Dissociative identity disorderNeurologic disordersGlaucomaOphthalmic diseasesSleep deprivationUsing hallucinogensNarcolepsyMetabolic conditions Examples of Hallucinations Here are two peoples experiences of hallucinations: I dont see pink cartoon bunnies, but sometimes when Im manic I think I see things like motion peripherally where there is none or stuff moving in the reflections in mirrors. I think I hear my name or weird, unclear snatches of noise. It makes me paranoid and then I see more stuff, but I dont actually see anything. Its more like a visual or auditory twitch. Ive had hallucinations during depression which involve seeing dead, decaying flesh on peoples faces. Ive also had auditory hallucinations (i.e., hearing voices) during a mixed episode. The voices have a buzzing sound, and it seems like there are thousands of them. They are talking about me, but I cant make out what they say. And sometimes, while extremely agitated, I think I hear a voice whispering my name.

Kkd Case Analysis - 690 Words

I. CURRENT SITUATION Krispy Kreme is an international retailer of premium-quality sweet treats, including its signature Original Glazed ® doughnut. Headquartered in Winston-Salem, N.C., the company has offered the highest-quality doughnuts and great-tasting coffee since it was founded in 1937. In addition to our Krispy Kreme retail shops, our premium quality doughnuts are available in mass merchant, grocery and convenience stores throughout the US. Best known for our fresh, glazed, yeast-raised doughnuts, we also offer more than 25 other varieties, including cake doughnuts. KKD has evolved into a publicity traded firm boasting 395 retail stores and over four million dollars in sales. So, why did the firm’s president and chief executive†¦show more content†¦McCoy, Jr. Lead Independent Director James H. Morgan Chairman, President amp; CEO Andrew J. Schindler Micheal H. Sutton Lizanne Thomas Togo D. West, Jr. B. Top Management James H. Morgan Chairman, President amp; CEO Douglas R. Muir Executive Vice Pres., Chief Financial Officer amp; Treasurer Cynthia A. Bay Senior Vice Pres. Of US Franchises amp; Company Stores G. Dwayne Chambers Senior Vice Pres. amp; Chief Marketing Officer Kenneth J. Hudson Senior Vice Pres. Of HR amp; Organizational Development Darryl R. Marsch Senior Vice Pres., General Counsel amp; Secretary M. Bradley Wall Senior Vice Pres. Of Supply Chain and of Premises Operation Jeffrey B. Welch Senior Vice Pres. amp; Pres. Of International III. EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT (EFE): OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS OPPORTUNITIES * International expansion * The introduction of a new beverage program * Reputation – Fundraising program has helped non-profit organizations raise millions of dollars in needed funds. * May steal back customers * Increase snack-food consumption and further growth of doughnut sales. THREATS * Competition in the fast-food market has increased. * Substitute products from many different areas of the market place. * Increasing cost of ingredients * Increasing utility and fuel costs * People are becoming more health conscious, with does not bode well for high sugar, high-fat treats.Show MoreRelatedKrispy Kreme Doughnuts, Inc. Essay1210 Words   |  5 Pagesoughnuts Case #7 Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, Inc. [pic] FNCE 4620 - Financial Analysis and Policy Dr. Gregory Group 1 Chris Suggs Alex Stephens Florian Fourmanoy Jonathan Colangione Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary 2. Problem Statement 3. Data Analysis 4. Key Decision Criteria 5. Alternatives Analysis 6. Recommendations 7. Action and Implementation Plan 1. Executive Summary: Krispy Kreme Doughnuts was a successful privately ownedRead MoreKrispy Kreme Inc.998 Words   |  4 PagesSUBJECT: Krispy Kreme Doughnuts Inc. Analysis 1) Identification of issues: * Is Krispy Kreme’s a healthy company? * What had happened to the company? * Why were so many investors fleeing the popular doughnut maker? * Were the revelations about the company’s franchise accounting practices sufficient to drive that much value out of the stock? * Were there deeper issues that deserved scrutiny? 2) Recommendations 3) Quantitative Analysis As we begin to analyze KrispyRead MoreKkd Case Study Essay856 Words   |  4 Pagesyou agree with their analysis? If so, why? If not, why not? Answer: In my opinion, Krispy Kreme will continue to grow rapidly in the coming two years. There are 4 reasons will be showed below: 1. From the business prospective of KKD, the company’s reputation for making tasty, high-quality doughnuts grew steadily throughout the southeastern United States in the 1960s and 1970s, thus, KKD Brand based on high quality product. In addition, there are several ways for KKD to generate revenues;Read MoreKrispy Kreme1663 Words   |  7 PagesKrispy Kreme Doughnuts, Inc. (KKD) is an exclusive brand that offers doughnuts, beverages, collectibles, and franchise opportunities. It started as a small bakery in Winston Salem, North Carolina on July 13, 1937; and has evolved into a publicly traded firm boasting 395 retail stores and over three million dollars in sales (second quarter 2010). This was not always the case however, by the end of 2004, the economy began to slow. This caused businesses in competition with Krispy Kreme to flood theirRead MoreMoto: Coming to America1107 Words   |  5 PagesCase 8: Moto: Coming to America 11125375 Alisa . Background: The case Moto: Coming to America captures the essence of cultural differences between Japan and America. Moto, a project director of KKD (a Japanese auto parts supplier), was sent to America to decide which U.S contracting company to be used and check the price details. Before he went to America, a research on U.S building contractors had already finished by Moto’s company. The company found that Allmack is the best so Moto went to negotiateRead MoreMoto: Coming to America1099 Words   |  5 PagesCase 8: Moto: Coming to America 11125375 Alisa . Background: The case Moto: Coming to America captures the essence of cultural differences between Japan and America. Moto, a project director of KKD (a Japanese auto parts supplier), was sent to America to decide which U.S contracting company to be used and check the price details. Before he went to America, a research on U.S building contractors had already finished by Moto’s company. The company found that Allmack is the best so Moto wentRead MoreKrispy Kreme Case Analysis Essay1937 Words   |  8 PagesKrispy Kreme Case Analysis INDUSTRY ANALYSIS In 2003, the U.S. doughnut industry was a $5 - $6 billion market. American households consumed an estimated 10 -12 billion doughnuts annually; this translates into over three dozen doughnuts per capita. In 2002, doughnut industry sales rose by about 13%. Sales from doughnut outlets rose by about 9%, to approximately $3.6 billion, whereas packaged doughnut sales at supermarkets, convenience stores and other retail outlets staggered in the past fiveRead MoreKrispy Kreme Case Analysis757 Words   |  4 PagesKRISPY KREME DOUGHNUTS, INC. CASE ANALYSIS Executive Summary Krispy Kreme doughnuts, Inc is facing a crisis of a drop in share price like never before since its initial public offering in the year 2000. The situation of Krispy Kreme does not look so bright after it has reacquire the underperforming franchisees’ stores worth of 170$ million. In the end of 2004, the company has some problem related with its accounting for the acquisitions of certain franchisees that it has to restated its financialRead MoreEssay on Krispy Kreme Case Study2688 Words   |  11 PagesSCOPE The scope of this report is to analyze Krispy Kreme Dounghnuts’ (KKD) financial statements, supported exhibits, and business plan to evaluate the impact of earnings analysis announcements on the stock price for 2003-2004. KRISPY KREME’S COMPANY BACKGROUND In 1937, KKD began as a single doughnut shop in North Carolina, selling doughnuts wholesale to supermarkets. The popularity of the product not only caused KKD to become a factory-like retail store but also led to the franchise of moreRead MoreEssay Krispy Kreme’s Dilemma3384 Words   |  14 Pagesï » ¿Case Study 1:- Krispy Kreme Doughnuts inc Maytham Hussein Saeed Question 1 Is Krispy Kreme financially â€Å"healthy†? What do the statement show, what do the ratio show? Answer Based on the Common Sized Financial Statement of Limited Service Restaurant Averages and Krispy Kreme (KKD) the value of KKD’s cash and equivalents is 3.1 and its lower that the 3 years industry average’s value of 12.8 in 2001, 12.4 in 2002 and 13.7 in which is not a good sign

The Stigma Associated With Schizophrenia - 1554 Words

The Stigma Associated with Schizophrenia. Jason Branch Fayetteville Tech Community College Author Note This paper was prepared for English 112.02, taught by Mr. Charles King on April 2, 2015 Abstract Mental illness is an area that many people are uncomfortable with. There is something suspicious about people who tend to appear mentally ill. This creates nervousness, fear, while presenting the unknown; therefore, Stigma. Now Stigma is defined as disgrace or public disapproval, which can lead to the devaluation of a person. Because of the stigma and devaluation it creates significant barriers for those targeted simply because of their mental status, such as fear, doubt, shame, and isolation. People are being labeled; they are seen as being mentally ill instead of having a mental illness. The purpose of this paper is to present the documented effects of the stigma associational with having the mental illness Schizophrenia by providing research from the field of Psychology, Sociology, and Mental Health. The Stigma Associated with Schizophrenia. Background Information about Schizophrenia There is No Doubt that in the United State we have a Serious Issue with Mental Illness. It is estimated that 26.2 percent of people suffer with a mental disorder including Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is defined as a chronic, severe and disabling brain disorder. Schizophrenia is listed as one of several psychotic disorders. It is estimated that 1.1 percent of the U.S population age 18Show MoreRelatedThe Stigma Of Mental Health968 Words   |  4 PagesINTRODUCTION The stigma in mental health system is deep rooted and its origin goes back by centuries. The stigma is powerful that it has been codified in federal since last 50 years. But the realization that the stigma attached adversely affects mental health care system is still lacking. The discrimination against mental illness has invaded the systemic structure causing more worries to sufferers of mental illness and their families. While every individual and system is well aware of mental illnessRead MoreThe Stigma Of Mental Health1095 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION The stigma in the mental health system is deeply rooted and its origin goes back by centuries. The stigma is powerful that it has been codified in federal since last 50 years. But the realization that the stigma attached adversely affects mental health care system is still lacking. The discrimination against mental illness has invaded the systemic structure causing more worries to sufferers of mental illness and their families. While every individual and system is well aware of mentalRead MoreThe Issue Of Child Onset Schizophrenia Essay1612 Words   |  7 Pages#3: Child Onset Schizophrenia Becki Kennedy and Mary Marrone USC School of Social Work December 11, 2015 Martha Lyon-Levine Introduction This research paper focuses on the issue of child onset schizophrenia, specifically looking at the prognosis, symptoms, stigma, and most effective treatment options for children. This topic has become a significant social issue as a result of the recent mass school shootings throughout the nation and the associated stigma. Severe mentalRead MoreStigma, Perception, And Behavior1484 Words   |  6 PagesStigma of Schizophrenia in Different Cultures 45 University of Florida Schizophrenia, an often misunderstood brain disorder, faces unjust judgment in the United States due to inaccurate depictions prevalent in our media, and sensationalizing articles using mental illness to elicit a high consumer response to maximise profit. These factors have served to paint schizophrenics in an unfavorable light, generalizing them as uncontrollable dangers to society. It’s no surprise that the amountRead MoreMedia Portrayal Of The Mental Illnesses Schizophrenia862 Words   |  4 Pagesportrayal of the mental illnesses schizophrenia are damaging not only to individuals with schizophrenia, but also ‘normal’ people such as the families of those who are schizophrenic. The media portrays schizophrenia sufferers as violent peoples who will harm given the opportunity, and as such, should not be trusted and should be approached with caution. These portrayals are incorrect, There are multiple examples of the media’s negative depiction of schizophrenia. One such example is the case ofRead MoreSymptoms And Outcomes Of Schizophrenia1634 Words   |  7 Pages Schizophrenia does not exist in nature but is a man-made concept (Boghossian, 2001). It is a blurred set of ideas with no natural boundaries, constituting a social construct (Brockington, 1991). A study by Dutta et al., (2007) infers that patients diagnosed with schizophrenia present a wide diversity of symptoms and outcomes, and no biological or psychological feature has been found to be pathognomonic of the disorder. The paper goes on to say that there is no defining symptom boundary to separateRead MoreSchizophrenia Poster Research Topics : Schizophrenia1715 Words   |  7 PagesSchizophrenia Poster Research Topics K - What is schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is chronic, severe, and a brain disabling disorder; that has affected people throughout history. It also interferes with a person’s ability to think clearly, manage emotions, make decisions and relate to others. People with the disorder may hear voices other people do not hear. They may believe other people are reading their minds, controlling their thoughts, or plotting to harm them. This can terrify people with the illnessRead MoreThe Lack of Insight in Schizophrenia1653 Words   |  7 PagesThe Lack of Insight in Schizophrenia In my lifetime, I have spent months with my Grandmother, Florence Ernstead, who is a diagnosed paranoid delusional schizophrenic. During this time I have realized that schizophrenics have difficulty realizing the seriousness of their disorders. This inability to acknowledge a problem is known by psychiatrists as lack of insight. Many psychotic patients, especially schizophrenics, display a lack of insight into their disorder (Keefe 9). Lack of insight refersRead MoreThe Stigma Of Mental Illness With Information1007 Words   |  5 PagesFighting the Stigma of Mental Illness with Information When describing the brain, it can be labeled as many things but not one-dimensional or simplistic. This is an organ that we find hard to understand because, oddly enough, we have a brain that isn’t wired well enough to understand itself. What makes our brain so complex? Is it the billions of neurons or the trillions of synapses that make up all of our mental connections? The three pound mass in your skull is bursting with power. It comes completelyRead MoreEssay about The Portrayal of Schizophrenia in Me, Myself, and Irene1178 Words   |  5 Pagesand create stigma. They depict people suffering from mental illnesses as different, dangerous and laughable. Characters are often addicted to drugs or alcohol, are violent, dangerous, or out of control. Horror film characters like Norman Bates in Psycho, Jack Torrance in the Shining, or Hannibal Lecter in Silence of the Lambs associate the typical psycho- killer with people who suffer from a mental illness. But dramas and horror fi lms are not the only film genres that create stigma. Comedies like

Art History Free Essays

Compare and Contrast Essay Ancient Egyptian and Ancient Aegean art are both great influences to what we call art today. Egyptian art emphasized engravings, sculptures and paintings while Aegean art emphasized sculptures, paintings and decorations. One piece I chose to compare and contrast from the Egyptian art was Sekhmet. We will write a custom essay sample on Art History or any similar topic only for you Order Now Another piece I chose to compare and contrast from the Aegean art period is the Snake Goddess. These two beautiful artworks are alike and similar in many ways. The Snake Goddess and Sekhmet are alike because they are both sculptures that show signs of power. The Snake Goddess is a sign of power because she has a form-fitting outfit that exposed her breasts and a flounced skirt with many layers that covered her feet. She is holding two snakes tightly in each arm. Some researchers claimed that Minoans worshipped the Snake Goddess as â€Å"Mother Goddess†. In Aegean culture they believed snakes were good and that they showed a sign of water. This also indicated fertility, health and wealth. She also had a panther on top of her head, which shows that she is in touch with nature and that was a sign of power as well. Not only is she in touch with nature but her elaborate headdress and extravagant outfit shows wealth. Sekhmet also shows many signs of power. Her name is derived from the Egyptian word â€Å"Sekhem† (which means â€Å"power† or â€Å"might†) and is often translated as the â€Å"Powerful One† This ancient Egyptian goddess Sekhmet is known as the Eye of Ra. She is the power that protects the good and gets rid of the wicked. Sekhmet is the wrathful form of Hathor who is the Goddess of joy, music, dance, sexual love, pregnancy and birth. She is also Goddess of the sun and one of her powers is intense blinding heat. Her weapons were arrows, which were supposed to pierce hearts. Also Sekhmet would get a fiery glow from her body when she got upset and hot desert winds came from her breath. She was also a goddess of healing. When people became ill, she was capable of healing them with her powers. The Snake Goddess and Sekhmet are also very different in many ways. One way they are different is the rolls of women in their time period. Egyptians and Aegean people both believed that women held power but they weren’t similar. For example in Aegean time women were a powerful symbol of fertility and having a connection with the earth and animals easily fits in with what they worshipped. On the other hand, Sekhmet showed a different view on women. The woman’s body that was Sekhmet carried was for birth and new life. The head of the lioness that was Sekhmet showed a sign of destruction, danger and death and reflected the steady and piercing gaze of the hunter that she is. Sekhmet also represents the presence of good and evil, creation and destruction and the ability and willingness to nurture and protect life, and the ability to take it away in a blink of an eye. Not only are their rolls in society different but how the pieces of arts were worshipped also contrasted. The Snake Goddess was used to show rebirth, resurrection or renewal of life. They believed this because the snake was a sign of power and symbolized the purification by water in the funeral cult, so the snake became a protector of the pharaohs in their death. On the other hand, Sekhmet was worshipped Sekhmet was worshiped throughout Egypt, particularly wherever a wadi opened out at the desert edges. This is the type of terrain that lions are often found. Many of them came to the desert to be able to drink and to prey upon cattle in that area. How to cite Art History, Papers Art History Free Essays Every piece of art has a story to tell, a message to deliver, a meaning to reveal, a purpose behind it. In her paintings Vanitas Still Life, Maria van Oosterwych (Kaldenbach www. We will write a custom essay sample on Art History or any similar topic only for you Order Now xs4all.nl/~kalden/) displayed her feelings of happiness in the midst of grief. She alluded to and suggested her essential passion. Maria used several vehicles to convey her enthusiasms: personal thoughts and imagery of flowers, fruits, yarn, books, papers, bench, skull on a table, and a globe. The personal thoughts are not descriptions of what Maria is feeling but rather are testimonials of what she was thinking: people have to interact to pursue life, a balance of personal concern and social interest (Lustig Koester 1996), culture dictated and limited a woman’s world to a specific nook in this world as expressed by the cramped, sullen space of her setting. Regardless of beauty, intelligence, creativeness, and riches she is restricted to a stillness that is of deafening reverberations. She was not as free as women these days.   Although supplies of food may be abundant as symbolized by the fruits, her freedom has its specified limits by the restricted angle of space. It is such a small world to move around, typical of ancient traditions, where a woman can not get out on the streets unescorted. As though she was not permitted to have friends, consequently, she became a loner, a painter. She was kind of oppressed, depressed and repressed (Lustig Koester 1996), an emblem of a contemporary Dutch woman (Albemarle of London 1996-2005). It looks like she belongs to a society of people who stoops down at a woman who is outgoing. More like a conservative community. Otherwise, it may be a portrayal of stillness in the lives of women in those days. The imagery suggests Maria’s feelings.   This is conveyed by the intensity of colors of her flowers and fruits symbolizing liveliness. One’s ability to care and love, but simply bundled down to a vase in a lonely, desolate spot which is contrasted to the dullness of a human skull, symbolizing male egocentricities, stubbornness, and stiffness. The skull must be that of a man who loves to drink and read beside her lady, a lady who can only be busy with the upkeep of her beauty, her knitting and her household chores. Today is it called a lousy, awful, and boring life? It is just like marriage to a dead man. Although the painting was done in 1668, it is still relevant for its symbolism and portrayal of a woman’s abilities. Expressions of a sullen, cramp and lonely nook are seldom seen these days though, where women are avant-garde. Canaletto, 1697- 1768, is a painting of notable contrast to the work of Oosterwych.   It was painted by Giovanni Antonio Canal (Albemarle of London 1996-2005).    The paintings depict the inanimate perspectives of life, the outside world, away from the confinements of a home.   His paintings were described to be dazzling and lively pictures of canals, churches and squares, a popular male thought (Albemarle of London 1996-2005). It is a masculine expression of interest on infrastructure rather than food feelings and emotions. For what is a canal but a thoroughfare, a church and a building are nothing but gravels, sand, stones and pieces of wood from a once living thing. This would also show that men’s hands are tied to building structures out of stones, iron and sand, so as to ensure the ease and comfort with which women, family and society can do their daily chores. Images expressed in portraits and paintings are rather direct statements of artists’ personal life, history, culture, passions and emotions. Reference Lustig, M. Koester, J.   (1996). Intercultural Competence. U.S.A.: Harper Collins College Publishers. Kaldenbach www.xs4all.nl/~kalden/. Albermale of London. (1996-2005). web@AlbermarleOnline.co.uk   .    How to cite Art History, Papers Art History Free Essays Appreciated for its originality and uniqueness, Hoogerbrugge.com established a reputation of being a skillfully done website embedded with highly interactive flash animations. On the onset, it may take time for a browser to fully grasp what the site is all about. We will write a custom essay sample on Art History or any similar topic only for you Order Now But the truth is, the purpose for which the site serves seemed questionable. From a personal point of view though, it is somehow an interesting site. I am quite amazed at how Han Hoogerbrugge has created such an odd site. If you take at look at the artworks a little bit more deeply, it is rather psychologically disturbing since the creator has distorted images of humans. To some extent, it is even scary and mysterious. But the irony is, it is entertaining and hilarious in the midst of its strangeness. The five segments of the animation series namely Nails, Hotel, Spin, Flow and Modern Living / Neurotica are forms of self-expression which in my own understanding are done to keep up with living in this extremely complicated environment we have today. Each of these segments shown is deemed to represent our own personality. Meaning, we could belong to any one or in combination of those depicted animations. And the genius here is, these self-expressions are interpreted in technically striking ways. In fact, it works as a stress-reliever for me at some point of surfing them over and over again. Finally, Hoogerbrugge.com is a puzzling multimedia flash site. Any artist who encounters this website will surely be intrigued as to how the author has thought of doing all these works. It is one of the manifestations that art can actually convey itself in a mixture of emotions. Furthermore, the most amazing about is artworks cannot be judged because it possess an innate freedom where an artist like Han Hoogerbrugge is lucky to have. Reference Hoogerbrugge.com. (n.d.). Retrieved August 10, 2007, from http://www.hoogerbrugge.com/work/animation/    How to cite Art History, Papers Art history Free Essays Romanticism began in Germany and England in the early 19th century and spread throughout Europe by the 1820. The Romantic Movement was caused by the sudden social changes that occurred during the French Revolution as a revolt against Neo- classicism and its emphasis on order, harmony and balance. (Britannica Online Encyclopedia) The movement began as an artistic movement that rejected the traditional values of social structure and religion and encouraged individualism. We will write a custom essay sample on Art history or any similar topic only for you Order Now Romantic artists valued imagination over reason and beauty. They loved nature and ere dedicated to examining personality and moods. Their paintings represented celebration of the heroic struggle of common people. Some of the well-known Romantic artists are John Constable, Thomas Cole, Francisco De Soya and Henry Fusels. (The Art World, n. D. ) Some of the characteristics of paintings of this period are their focus on heroic subjects, use of intense colors, loose brush strokes and dense texture of the painting. With the Industrial Revolution came new technology and machine power that changed the social condition. People had to move away from mom to crowded cities to find Jobs and work long hours. Romantic artists painted to get away from the cruel struggle of common people and for yearning for idealized rural pastoral life. AY. Realest: (1850- 1880) The Realist artists in France revolted against romantic ideals of distorted beauty and imagination. Realists believed in objective reality, seeking to represent the truth and accuracy of ordinary world. They wanted to show the natural truth of their subject and chose from everyday life around them, often painting images of the poor working class and displaying human misery and poverty. Paintings of realism often carried a moral or social message portraying the drudgery of everyday life. Some of the artists who represent realism period are Gustavo Courier, Jean-Francis Millet, Eduardo Meant (The Art World, n. D. ) and also American artists who studied in France, Thomas Skins and Henry Tanner and characterized by accurate portrayal of ordinary working people without personal bias or interpretation. Social condition that contributed to this art movement was France Revolution that began during the 1848 and lasted until 1880 which was a consequence of the industrial revolution. With the implementation of machine power, factory owners grew wealthy while the common workers labored long hours for low pay. Anger and resentment fueled strikes and revolts. AY. Analysis During the middle of the sass, Romanticism began to show signs of being extreme partly because of the fact that most art works were becoming increasingly opulent. Art lovers and enthusiasts who were accustomed to this form of art began to find it rather dull. Therefore, there was a need to introduce another form of art that was different from romanticism. People wanted to see the world in realistic point of view. Gnocchi, n. . ) This is how Realism was introduced. European nations were engaged in wars, for example Russia had dominated Poland. People who had been crushed had a need to express a sense of patriotism and devotion to their traditions. Artists used their paintings to express the importance of their own culture. Revolution was also an element in paintings of the romantic era, but Realism focuses on practical subjects. AAA. Similarities or Differences Both movements were reactions to social conditions resulted by the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution caused the building of large factories and the wieners got wealthy while the lower working classes labored long hours for low pay. Workers’ attempts to fight for better pay were often suppressed. Anger and resentment at capitalism often resulted in strikes and revolts. Romanticism and realism were two competing styles of artistic and practice. Romanticism emphasized heroic achievement and the power of the emotions whereas realism focused on individuals, work and social Justice portraying the actual living conditions of common working people, and often used gloomy color in their paintings. Romantic painting is nearly characterized by an imaginative and a dreamlike quality and strives to express feeling intense, mystical, or elusive. Realism, on the other hand, is an attempt to accurately describe human behavior and objects precisely as in real life. Babe. Explanation By deviating from earlier tradition of idealizing situation of Romantic artists’ imagined beauty, the realists were attempting to capture the actual experience and struggle of common people in hope that it would spur social and economic reform. Babe. Reference to Work of Art John Constable and Jean Millet represent the difference in these two art periods. John Constable was an English painter who painted his landscape in the romantic style. â€Å"The Hay Win† is a countryside scene with romantic and dreamy features like streams and county cottages. He used luminous colors and bold thick brushwork and focused on the qualities of light and sky rather than details of a scene. (The National Gallery, n. D. ) Jean- Franà §ois Millet was a French painter who focused on realistic things of everyday life and painted ordinary working people. In his painting â€Å"The Gleaners†, Millet displays the hard working peasants removing the last bits of the rain from a wheat field. He used dark, muted colors instead of luminous colors like Constable. There is no fanciful imagination, Just a painting of everyday life. Babe. Relation of Later Work to Earlier Work Again, the realist artists used their work to portray the actual living conditions of common people in contrast to romantic view of earlier works. John Constable’s cottage scene with a tranquil stream represented the yearning nostalgia for idealized pastoral life of the lowly desperate fame’s who must glean every last grains of wheat in Millet’s painting. AC. How to cite Art history, Papers Art History Free Essays Art in Renaissance period was significantly more important as a form of investment and little emphasis was placed on the artist’s own convictions. Of course there is ample room to dispute the reasons why art was made, but looking at two points of view we are able to define the essence of Renaissance artistry. We look specifically at a modern perspective based on historical interjection through the writing of Michael Baxandall as well as memoirs and writings from artists themselves. We will write a custom essay sample on Art History or any similar topic only for you Order Now Specifically we look at the writing of Giorgio Vasari and Benvenuto Cellini. The Renaissance was a time when a re-emergence of the pagan entered the artistic realm, as well as a new respect for logic (Dunan ed, 1981: 25). â€Å"Fifteenth and sixteenth-century intellectuals coined the term to assert the superiority of their own age over the ‘middle’ or ‘dark’ ages. †(Garraty and Gay, 1972: 481). Michael Baxandall describes that â€Å"a fifteenth century painting is the deposit of a social relationship. †(Baxandall: 1). The relationship was thus similar to a manufacturer producing a product for a client. How the client or patron pays for the product depends largely on what he wants the product to be like. He/she is in control of the execution of the product insomuch as the materials are paid for by the patron. Some clients pay for the work by the size of the piece, for example in the Duke of Ferrara’s case, he paid for the work by the square foot (Baxandall: 1). There were also considered to be motives for the commissioning of the work. These motives include the importance of representing God as well as the purpose of representing the self and the city. The ability to spend money and for it to be seen as such is an important motive in a time when money was more important than anything else. For this reason, Baxandall believes that money and art are intertwined. The process of providing this service and coming up with the final product was no different in reality to producing any other commodity in that a rough draft was used initially for the patron’s approval. Baxandall explains also that contracts were entered into with quotations for labor in each case (where size was not used as an indicator). The private commission often held public purposes in that the patron often wished the piece to be displayed in public places and for the public eye. An element of prestige was evident in all such instances. Contractual obligations were outlined in correspondence between the artist and the patron and under these circumstances a patron could stipulate that the artist be involved in certain parts of the painting that would usually be left to the apprentice. In these cases choices could be made as to how the brushwork and style was executed. The contractual agreement stipulates what is to be included in the painting in terms of ornamentation; how payment is to be made and what the payment is; when the piece is to be completed by; and lastly, colors were to be stipulated in full detail (these vary from case to case). Payment was most often made in installments and the client may provide more expensive materials for the artist and only pay for the labor. Gold became the primary color used for the framing of the pictures, as ultramarine became less popular in quotations from the period. Fashion played an important role in the way in which art became seen and the way it was viewed. Towards the later period of the Renaissance it appeared to be less important to be opulent in undertakings and more important to display moral high ground. This movement also reflected a more political motive in terms of patron’s involvement in the overall production of paintings. There was also a shortage of gold at one stage that may have contributed to new ways of dealing with artistic subjects. The worth of a painting was not so much in its application but in its presence and was therefore seen both as an investment and a physical attribute decoratively. Both the value of the materials and the value of the skill were entertained in the payment of these pieces. The ability of the artist to produce the same effect as gold, using the brush as a tool was also considered to be admirable and desirable to the client. This indicated a divine and discernable skill to the client who was far more interested in attaining the most worthy of pieces than he/she was in the value of the materials used. A background that was presented with composed subjects required more skill than a solid gold background would. The influence of art took on two branches however that included the contentious dual between sculpture and painting. A new distinction can be made between the two disciplines and in the writing of Vasari we are able to see a certain degree of artistic supremacy instilled in the opinion of what constituted skill in the Renaissance. Painting is described as the use f color to â€Å"deceive the eye. †(Vasari: 98). The philosophical argument here is whether sculpture is a better representation of nature than painting is. Here we see that within the artistic realm there was a debate and competition arising within the artistic fraternity itself. The argument surrounds the skill involved in producing the visual aspect and perspective of any subject that is represented on a flat surface. â€Å"So it seems to me that painting is nobler and allows of greater artistry than sculpture†(Vasari: 99). The greatness however, of sculpture was embodied in the form of Michelangelo and the subsequent payment that was clearly over and above what he quoted the patron for. In one case abuse of the artist is described by Vasari where Michelangelo himself was struck by the Pope (Vasari: 675). Clearly the artist had very little control over the contract. Baxadall looks at the artist as someone who enters into a business orientated contract but in Vasari’s description, the treatment of artists was far less desirable. Michelangelo appeared to be maverick in his execution of the Sistine Chapel, given that instructions were explicit at that time as to how the piece was to be executed. â€Å"Michelangelo complained at times that on account of the haste that the Pope imposed in him her was not able to finish it in his own fashion, as he would have liked; for his Holiness was always asking him importunately when he would finish it. †(Vasari: 668). In this quotation it becomes evident that a great deal of pressure was placed on the artist as a painter and the rivalry between disciplines could be seen as a motivating factor for higher quality and speedier work. Self-employment in these terms could not have been a comfortable existence. Cellini expresses in his writing, the hardships faced by artists and the pressure that was therefore placed on apprentices and employees of the artists. Cellini describes the frightening experience of his employees and himself when trying to cast a bronze. In essence it required a great deal more experience and daring than it did pure artistic skill. There was therefore a different dimension added to the artistic balance. Evidently it took more then artistic prowess alone. â€Å"Look here, Benvenuto, what you want done is beyond the powers of art. It’s simply impossible. †(Cellini: 346). Many of the finer nuances of art in modern times is taken for granted in the sense that someone would have had to iron out the wrinkles before hand. â€Å"When all the wax was gone and the mould well baked, I at once began to dig the pit in which to bury it, observing all the rules my art demands. †(Cellini: 344). Cellini describes what his art ‘demands’, something that is beyond the original idea of what the piece is going to turn out like. In Baxandall’s article there is a lot to do with the contractual basis by which art is conceptualized but does not go in to detail as to how that art is created. It is not an easy life, nor is it simple to create the final product. Cellini also explains that there was a great deal of jealousy in the artistic world and rivalry would naturally become a very staple part of art. Surely too the business of being ones own employer becomes apparent when Cellini gets a fever is required to continue working. Cellini also explains that the patron at times did not understand the art which he had enlisted the artists help in. This made the work very difficult to execute insofar the interference of the client could hinder the artists work and schedule. Baxandall explains the process of art in a certain way that makes it sound as if there is a product being manufactured by the producer. While this is true to a degree, the finer details of the artistic process are not known to the average person or to the historian. There is always an element of misunderstanding in terms of how art is created and why. Little interest was left for the artist to take their own liberties as a free spirit and their products became a workable commodity rather than a reflection of the artist themselves. The art from the artists own perspective yields a different look at the way we perceive the process of art. References: Baxandall, Michael. (Date unknown). Painting and Experience in Fifteenth Century Italy. Cellini, Benvenuto. (Date unknown). Autobiography. Dunan, Marcel ed. (1981). Larousse Encyclopedia of Modern History: From 1500 to the present day. Hamlyn: London. Garraty, J. A and Gay, P. (1972). The University History of the World. New Orchard Editions: London. Vasari, Giorgio. (Date unknown). Lives of the Artists. How to cite Art History, Papers Art History Free Essays On March third through April eighth sculptor Kathy Stecko exhibited her very interesting works in Mohawk Valley Community College Small Works Gallery in the Information Technology Performing Arts Conference Center on the Utica campus. On March third, she presented an art lecture: †Figural Constructions Using the Body As Metaphor† In general, Kathy Steckos’ works in this exhibit all appear to be of everyday people of more present day. The clues that give this impression are that there are people have swimming suits and gear on in many of the pieces. We will write a custom essay sample on Art History or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many are in relaxed poses, some looking with their head to the side and in a contrapposto position similar to Warrior from Raice with relaxed hip poses or with slumped shoulders instead of stiff, straight poses like in the Egyptian times when only upper hierarchal persons were portrayed . The sculptures that are in a fetal position, such as Reverie, the characters in those appears to be in debilitating pain. I’m not sure if it is physical or emotional pain but that is the impression that is gotten when I look at some of the pieces. There is almost a sense of a great sadness from a loss or losses in the sculptors life, such as in the piece of sculpture, Tremor. The expression or lack of facial expression or features and body language in the characters. It emotes a rather disturbing feeling. In the characters that are in their bathing suits or with swimming gear on in the sculpture Platform, the characters appear to be expressionless. I would say that the sculptor is trying to portray ordinary people reacting to ordinary scenarios and people. They portray realistic characters instead of idealized characters. In the Cycladic period, the slender build of the Female Cycladic Idol from Amorgos was made with a slender build and no real pronounced features of the face that gives the impression that only the fact that it is a woman needs to be made clear, who the subject is appears to be of little importance. In that respect, I would say that many of the subjects in Kathy Steckos’ creations are generic in the same way. They have simple features and body shapes as if to say, take note of what emotion I am trying to evoke or what I am symbolic for, not who I am. Many of the sculpture pieces of Ms. Stecko are looking to the side not toward the person viewing the piece. How to cite Art History, Essay examples Art History Free Essays In not more than 300 words, write a descriptive account of Harmen Steenwyck’s: Still Life: An Allegory of the Vanities of Human Life ( Illustration Book, Colour Plate 10), paying particular attention to the organisation and lighting of the composition and to the effects of tone and colour. Harmen Steenwyck illustrates an eclectic mix of objects in this fine oil painting. The objects are placed close to the picture plane, as within reach of the spectator, drawing the eye from left to right as the clustered objects increase in height. We will write a custom essay sample on Art History or any similar topic only for you Order Now This suggests that this is the way that Steenwyck wanted the spectator to view them. His skilful use of light draws us to the principal object, the illuminated skull, bringing out the richness of its golden colour whilst depriving the hollows of the eyes to add depth. Many of the objects have spherical parts to them that again are highlighted through the use of light. Steenwyck manipulates light and shade through gradual transition to form the illusion of their roundness. Not only do these contrasts produce a striking illustrative effect but they also help to define the objects from one another. The fine brushwork picks up the finest detail, such as the leaves of the well thumbed books, the dial on the watch and the fraying rope on the urn. Harmen has organised the majority of his objects to the right side of the piece leaving the left feeling rather vacant, with our attention drawn to the pearlescent shell that stands almost solitary. The painting depicts objects of grandeur, inducing the idea of wealth and travelling through such choice objects as the Japanese sword, Grecian style urn and the shell, those these are overshadowed by the objects with the most emotional quality, the skull and the waning lamp symbolising death and the frailty of life. The skull seems out of place sharing a table with such other splendid objects, leaving the spectator questioning the choices Steenwyck has made, perhaps these symbols of death serve as a warning to those who seek happiness in the â€Å"Vanities of Human Life†. TMA 02 Part 2 Literature Read also History Quizzes Read John Keat’s Sonnet, â€Å"When I have fears that I may cease to be† ( resource book 1, A39). In not more than 300 words, write an analysis of the sonnet basing your response on the questions below. 1. Comment on the use of repetition. (e.g. â€Å"when†, â€Å"before†, â€Å"never†.) 2. What is the relationship between the octave and the sestet? 3. What part do the different rhymes, including the final couplet, play in conveying the meaning of the sonnet? Keats begins by setting the tone for the sonnet, â€Å"When I have fears†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , indicating the major theme that is to run throughout. In the first two quatrains he writes about the fear of dying young, fearing he will not have the time he needs to fulfil himself as a writer and the third quatrain fearing that he will lose his beloved. Farming metaphors, â€Å"rich garners the full-ripen’d grain†, emphasize how he sees his imagination and creativity, like a fertile field waiting to be sown, with the alliteration in garners and grain highlighting this further. Keat’s emotive language draws attention to his love poetry, â€Å"before my pen has gleaned my teaming brain†, believing the world to be full of material he can create countless poetry from, devoting more lines to his love of verse than his beloved. Enchanting imagery illustrates his philosophy on love, â€Å"faery power† a mystical and supernatural force that he has no control over. Alongside this immense fear of death, is the concern with time, the repetition of â€Å"When I† beginning both quatrains of the octave and introducing the sestet, stresses Keats preoccupation with time and the fear of it consuming him. This sense of time running out is emphasized through the enjambment in the third quatrain; the final line runs into the closing couplet, urging the reader on. The rhyming scheme, abab cdcd gg, helps to intensify the poems train of thought and has great effect in the closing couplet as Keats resolves his fears by declaring the triviality of love and fame, â€Å"love and fame to nothingness do sink.† The octave and the sestet share the continuity of rhyme, and underlying theme of death, though there is a clear change in the range of emotions as the sonnet develops. The octave concentrates on the emotions of confusion and fear whilst the sestet focuses on the fear of loving and being loved until reaching a feeling of acceptance over his fears. TMA 02 Part 3 Music For this part of the TMA you will need to listen to Track 10 on the TMA CD. You will hear the â€Å"First Tableau: The Shrovetide Fair† from Petrushka by Stravinsky. Listen to the track a few times and then answer the question below in up to 300 words on continuous prose. How does Stravinsky combine the elements of music, introduced to you in Unit 3, to establish the atmosphere of the fair? Stravinsky begins the piece with a high-pitched flourish of woodwind instruments, such as the flute and clarinet and is then accompanied by the strings which increase in volume to meet with a fanfare of trumpets, it sounds like the fair is opening. Rhythm plays a key role throughout the entirety of the piece, fluctuating sounds are created as the fluttering of the woodwind section meet with the loud sharp sounds of the strings. Stravinsky manipulates this rapidly changing rhythm to establish the excitement and commotion of the fair. The choice of instruments, and concentration on certain sections of the orchestra in particular parts adds colour to the piece, perhaps representative of the colours and vibrant images of the fair. In the same way, the fullness of the orchestra may relate to the busy crowds at the fair and at the same time sounds very grand. Full use is made of the orchestra, to create great noise and effect, where the strings are concentrated on, the music is very grand and striking; whereas the effect the woodwind has on the piece is fleeting and soft. The gradual change in tempo is marked by drum rolls which introduces adagio and accelerando, the timbre of the drum is loud and echoes briefly creating the feeling of suspense at the fair. Each movement brings its own highlight, from the strong trumpet blasts to the precise beats of the triangle, which accompanies the softer woodwind section at the end of the piece. The atmosphere of the fair is lively and upbeat as Stravinsky ends his â€Å"First Tableau†, he employs a melody of sounds that are reminiscent of Russian dance and manages to shift effortlessly from establishing excitement, commotion and suspense throughout the piece to this buoyant finale. TMA02 Part 4 Philosophy Answer these questions in not more than 300 words in total. 1. Here are some claims. If possible, give a sound argument for each claim. Where this is not possible, give a valid argument anyway. Do indicate those cases where you believe your argument is sound. A.) The Queen is a mother B.) The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain C.) The earth is flat. D.) Eating people is wrong. E.) Oranges are not the only fruit. All women who give birth are mothers. The Queen has given birth. The Queen is a mother. Rain clouds can only form over plains. It rains in Spain. The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain. People cannot walk any other surface than horizontal. People walk the earth. The earth is flat. Eating people is illegal. If something is illegal, it is wrong. Eating people is wrong. Every morning I eat fruit. I never eat oranges. Oranges are not the only fruit. Arguments A and E are both sound arguments, as the premises for both are al true, and it follows that if the premises to an argument are true then the conclusion must be true. Arguments B and C fail at being sound arguments as the information used can be disproved. Argument D is not sound, as in some countries and within some cultures cannibalism is legal. 2. Give an example of an inductive argument, and explain why it is not deductive. I’ve owned lots of cars. All the cars I’ve owned have had four wheels. All cars have four wheels. This argument cannot be deductive because it is based purely on assumption. I’m assuming that all cars have four wheels because I’ve only owned cars with four wheels; however the volume of cars I’ve owned is minute in comparison to the variety of models and makes. Therefore, I cannot presuppose that every car follows the same rule. How to cite Art History, Papers

United States History Essays - Monopoly, Economic Liberalism

United States History "From 1790 to the 1870's, state and national governments intervened in the American economy mainly to aid private economic interests and promote economic growth. Between 1890 and 1929, however, government intervention was designed primarily to curb and regulate private economic activity in the public interest." Assess the validity of this statement, discussing for each of these periods at least TWO major areas of public economic policy. The statement is essentially true, in the time of 1790 to 1870's private business was at its peak, government and state did little to control or usually was in favor of big business. Laissez-faire was the common policy towards regulations and business dealings in general. However form 1890 and 1929 the attitudes changed, more people were concerned with the well being or the people, concerned with the ever growing power of big businesses; government and state started to regulate them in the very ways that the previous time period. I. 1790-1870 a. regulation 1. many businesses were free to do as they pleased i. Carnegie Steel ii. RR 2. monopolies were established i. multimillion dollar industries were formed a. Standard Oil b. Carnegie Steel ii. little done to regulate these "big businesses" a. not until Sherman Anti-trust Act was there an attempt made to regulate monopolies 1. even that didn't have teeth 3. with the monopolies prices can be fixed, nothing was done to stop this until the late 1800's 4. laissez-faire policies were favored at the time b. business in general 1. conducted in the way the top 1% saw fit i. Andrew Carnegie ii. John D. Rockefeller iii. J.P. Morgan 2. big business prospered while the small business owners were left to the mercy of the big guys 3. economy was based on the few people that had all the money i. this resulted in many poor, few rich ii. yet again government/state didn't do a thing till after the late 1800's 4. strikes and unions illegal at the time II. 1890 - 1929 a. regulation 1. Acts begin to show their teeth i. Sherman Anti-Trust Act ii. Interstate Commerce Act 2. Monopolies started to be broken up i. "Trust Busters" a. Teddy Roosevelt b. Woodrow Wilson ii. regulation of business more strict 3. People start to realize the evils of a laissez-faire economy i. no one but big business would profit 4. old styles of thing are soon taken over by a new thinking i. all people are important ii. economy which was mainly directed towards the few wealth was now being directed towards the majority, not the minority b. business in General 1. unions legal i. AFL 2. per capita income rose from $450 to $567 3. even presidents view changed with the election of Roosevelt i. " President was steward of the people" ii. Hepburn Act a. regulated RR b. moved to rid laissez-faire 4. Corrupt business tactics reformed i. Pure Food and Drug Act a. to control the unscrupulous tactics of the big businesses and to help the conditions of life. 5. important people are more concerned with the poverty of the country i. presidents a. Taft b. Wilson ii. some rich iii. writers 6. policies changed towards rich being all important to a more conscious moralistic view of the people being important In conclusion I believe that the economic policies during 1790 to 1870 were in fact set up to aid private interests of the few wealthy in the U.S. because of the ever prevalent growing wealth in individuals such as Rockefeller and Carnegie. Monopolies and securities grew without restraint in this time period. Things fundamental to the peoples needs were neglected, such as unions and price regulations Whereas in the 1890 to 1929 policies and views were shifted to a more central focus on the public interests and monopolies were starting to be toppled by "trust busters" and laws and regulations set against them such as the Sherman Anti-trust act and the Interstate Commerce Act which were first made effective with president Roosevelt.

The 7 Most Important Eminent Domain Cases

The 7 Most Important Eminent Domain Cases Eminent domain is the act of taking private property for public use. Enumerated in the Fifth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, it gives states and the federal government the right to seize property for public use in exchange for just compensation (based on fair market value for a piece of land). The concept of eminent domain is connected to the functionality of the government, because the government needs to acquire property for infrastructure and services like public schools, public utilities, parks, and transit operations. Seven key court cases throughout the 19th and 20th centuries allowed the judiciary to define eminent domain. Most eminent domain challenges focus on whether the lands were taken for a purpose that qualifies as â€Å"public use† and whether the compensation provided was â€Å"just. Kohl v. United States Kohl v. United States (1875) was the first Supreme Court case to assess the federal government’s eminent domain powers. The federal government seized a portion of the petitioner’s lands without compensation for the purpose of building a post office, customs office, and other government facilities in Cincinnati, Ohio. The petitioners alleged that the court did not have jurisdiction, the government could not acquire the land without proper legislation, and that the government should accept an independent assessment of the value of the land before compensating. In a decision delivered by Justice Strong, the court ruled in favor of the government. According to the majority opinion, eminent domain is a core and essential power afforded to the government through the Constitution. The government may develop legislation to further define eminent domain, but the legislation is not required in order to the use of the power. In the majority opinion, Justice Strong wrote: â€Å"If the right of eminent domain exists in the federal government, it is a right which may be exercised within the states, so far as is necessary to the enjoyment of the powers conferred upon it by the Constitution.† United States v. Gettysburg Electric Railroad Company In United States v. Gettysburg Electric Railroad Company (1896), Congress used eminent domain to condemn the Gettysburg Battlefield in Pennsylvania. The Gettysburg Railroad Company, who owned land in the condemned area, sued the government, alleging that the condemnation violated their Fifth Amendment right. The majority ruled that as long as the railroad company was paid fair market value for the land, the condemnation was lawful. In terms of public use, Justice Peckham, on behalf of the majority wrote, â€Å"No narrow view of the character of this proposed use should be taken. Its national character and importance, we think, are plain.† Furthermore, the court held that the amount of land needed in any eminent domain seizure is for the legislature to determine, not the court. Chicago, Burlington Quincy Railroad Co. v. City of Chicago Chicago, Burlington Quincy Railroad Co. v. City of Chicago (1897) incorporated the Fifth Amendment takings clause using the Fourteenth Amendment. Prior to this case, states had used eminent domain powers un-regulated by the Fifth Amendment. This means that states may have seized property for public use without just compensation. In the 1890s, the city of Chicago aimed to connect a stretch of road, even though it meant cutting through private property. The city condemned the land through a court petition and paid just compensation to the property owners. Quincy Railroad Corporation owned part of the condemned land and was awarded one dollar for the taking. The railroad appealed the judgment. In a 7-1 decision delivered by Justice Harlan, the court ruled that the state could take land under eminent domain if the original owners were awarded just compensation. The taking of the Railroad Company’s land had not deprived the company of its use. The street only bisected the railroad tracts and did not cause the tracts to be removed. Therefore, one dollar was just compensation for the taking. Berman v. Parker In 1945, Congress established the District of Columbia Redevelopment Land Agency to authorize the seizure of â€Å"blighted† housing districts for rebuilding. Berman owned a department store in the area slated for redevelopment and did not want his property to be seized along with the â€Å"blighted† area. In Berman v. Parker (1954), Berman sued on the basis that the District of Columbia Redevelopment Act  and its seizure of his land violated his right to due process. In a unanimous decision delivered by Justice Douglas, the court found that the seizure of Berman’s property was not a violation of his Fifth Amendment right. The Fifth Amendment does not specify what the land must be used for outside of â€Å"public use. Congress has the power to decide what this use might be and the goal of turning the land into housing, specifically low-income housing, fit the general definition of the takings clause. The majority opinion by Justice Douglas read: â€Å"Once the question of the public purpose has been decided, the amount and character of land to be taken for the project and the need for a particular tract to complete the integrated plan rests in the discretion of the legislative branch.† Penn Central Transportation v. New York City Penn Central Transportation v. New York City (1978) asked the court to decide whether a Landmark Preservation Law, which restricted Penn Station from building a 50-story building above it, was constitutional. Penn Station argued that preventing the construction of the building amounted to an illegal taking of the airspace by the City of New York, violating the Fifth Amendment. The court ruled in a 6-3 decision that the Landmarks Law was not a violation of the Fifth Amendment because restricting the construction of a 50-story building did not constitute a taking of the airspace. The Landmarks Law was more closely related to a zoning ordinance than eminent domain, and New York had a right to restrict construction in the public interest of protecting the â€Å"general welfare† of the surrounding area. Penn Central Transportation could not prove that New York had meaningfully â€Å"taken† the property simply because they had lowered the economic capacity and interfered with the property rights. Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff Hawaii’s Land Reform Act of 1967 sought to tackle the issue of unequal land ownership on the island. Only 72 private landowners possessed 47 percent of the land. Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff (1984) asked the court to determine whether the state of Hawaii could enact a law that would use eminent domain to take lands from lessors (property owners) and redistribute them to lessees (property renters). In a 7-1 decision, the court ruled that the Land Reform Act was constitutional. Hawaii sought to use eminent domain to prevent a concentration of private ownership, a purpose generally associated with good democratic governance. Additionally, the state legislature has just as much power to make this determination as Congress. The fact that the property was transferred from one private party to another did not defeat the public nature of the exchange. Kelo v. City of New London In Kelo v. City of New London (2005), the plaintiff, Kelo, sued the city of New London, Connecticut for seizing her property under eminent domain and transferring it to New London Development Corporation. Susette Kelo, along with other property owners in the area, had refused to sell their private property, and the city had condemned it to force the owners to accept just compensation. Kelo alleged that the seizure of her property was a violation of the â€Å"public use† element of the Fifth Amendment takings clause because the land would be used for economic development which is not solely public. Kelo’s property was not â€Å"blighted† and it would be transferred to a private firm for economic development. In a 5-4 decision delivered by Justice Stevens, the Court upheld aspects of its ruling in Berman v. Parker and Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff. Redistributing the land was part of a detailed economic plan. The court ruled that this plan constituted a public use. Even though the transfer of land was from one private party to another, the goal of that transfer – economic development – served a definitive public purpose. In this case, the court further defined â€Å"public use† by explaining that it was not confined to literal usage by the public. Public use could mean public benefit or general welfare. Sources Kohl v. United States, 91 U.S. 367 (1875).Kelo v. New London, 545 U.S. 469 (2005).United States v. Gettysburg Elec. Ry. Co., 160 U.S. 668 (1896).Penn Central Transportation Co. v. New York City, 438 U.S. 104 (1978).Hawaii Housing Auth. v. Midkiff, 467 U.S. 229 (1984).Berman v. Parker, 348 U.S. 26 (1954).Chicago, B. Q. R. Co. v. Chicago, 166 U.S. 226 (1897).Somin, Ilya. â€Å"The Story behind Kelo v. City of New London.†Ã‚  The Washington Post, The Washington Post, 29 May 2015, www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2015/05/29/the-story-behind-the-kelo-case-how-an-obscure-takings-case-came-to-shock-the-conscience-of-the-nation/?utm_term.c6ecd7fb2fce.â€Å"History of the Federal Use of Eminent Domain.†Ã‚  The United States Department of Justice, 15 May 2015, www.justice.gov/enrd/history-federal-use-eminent-domain.â€Å"Constitutional Law. Federal Power of Eminent Domain.†Ã‚  The University of Chicago Law Review, vol. 7, no. 1, 1939, pp. 166–169.  JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1596535.â€Å"Annotation 14 - Fifth Amendment.†Ã‚  Findlaw, constitution.findlaw.com/amendment5/annotation14.html#f170.

Charles Darwins Finches and the Theory of Evolution

Charles Darwins Finches and the Theory of Evolution Charles Darwin is known as the father of evolution. When he was a young man, Darwin set out on a voyage on the HMS Beagle. The ship sailed from England in late December of 1831 with Charles Darwin aboard as the crews naturalist. The voyage was to take the ship around South America with many stops along the way. It was Darwins job to study the local flora and fauna, collecting samples and making observations he could take back to Europe with him of such a diverse and tropical location. The crew made it to South America in a few short months, after a brief stop in the Canary Islands. Darwin spent most of his time on land collecting data. They stayed for more than three years on the continent of South America before venturing on to other locations. The next celebrated stop for the HMS Beagle was the Galapagos Islands off the coast of Ecuador. Galapagos Islands Charles Darwin and the rest of the HMS Beagle crew spent only five weeks in the Galapagos Islands, but the research performed there and the species Darwin brought back to England were instrumental in the formation of a core part of the original theory of evolution and Darwins ideas on natural selection which he published in his first book . Darwin studied the geology of the region along with giant tortoises that were indigenous to the area. Perhaps the best known of Darwins species he collected while on the Galapagos Islands were what are now called Darwins Finches. In reality, these birds are not really part of the finch family and are thought to probably actually be some sort of blackbird or mockingbird. However, Darwin was not very familiar with birds, so he killed and preserved the specimens to take back to England with him where he could collaborate with an ornithologist. Finches and Evolution The HMS Beagle continued to sail on to as far away lands as New Zealand before returning to England in 1836. It was back in Europe when he enlisted in the help of John Gould, a celebrated ornithologist in England. Gould was surprised to see the differences in the beaks of the birds and identified the 14 different specimens as actual different species - 12 of which were brand new species. He had not seen these species anywhere else before and concluded they were unique to the Galapagos Islands. The other, similar, birds Darwin had brought back from the South American mainland were much more common but different than the new Galapagos species. Charles Darwin did not come up with the Theory of Evolution on this voyage. As a matter of fact, his grandfather Erasmus Darwin had already instilled the idea that species change through time in Charles. However, the Galapagos finches helped Darwin solidify his idea of natural selection. The favorable adaptations of Darwins Finches beaks were selected for over generations until they all branched out to make new species. These birds, although nearly identical in all other ways to mainland finches, had different beaks. Their beaks had adapted to the type of food they ate in order to fill different niches on the Galapagos Islands. Their isolation on the islands over long periods of time made them undergo speciation. Charles Darwin then began to disregard the previous thoughts on evolution put forth by Jean Baptiste Lamarck who claimed species spontaneously generated from nothingness. Darwin wrote about his travels in the book The Voyage of the Beagle and fully explored the information he gained from the Galapagos Finches in his most famous book On the Origin of Species. It was in that publication that he first discussed how species changed over time, including divergent evolution, or adaptive radiation, of the Galapagos finches.

Interview on perceptions of a product or service and ways of Assignment

Interview on perceptions of a product or service and ways of motivating customers and increasing customer satisfaction - Assignment Example The product is intended to be utilised as a night and day-wearing product, wearable under make-up as an all-day moisturizer, designed to improve the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. The Time Zone line contains a blend of antioxidants, Vitamin C and exclusive Cell Vector technology that assist in not only skin hydration, but to repair cellular damage. The product’s trademarked Tri-HA Cell Signalling Complex is included in the product in order to motivate skin to increase production of the natural hyaluronic acid that plumps up skin and reverse the signs of normal aging (Estee Lauder 2013). The product retails between ?70 and ?105 for a 48.19 gram product and 70.87 gram portion, respectively. This product is positioned as a luxury product on the market, backed by 67 years of competitive branding and promotion and is therefore targeted to the high resource buyer. 2. Perception, motivation and satisfaction – A review of literature Perceptions of product value impacts consumer satisfaction (Tam 2004). However, what is considered to be valuable is unique to different consumer segments based on their lifestyles, beliefs, resource availability, and assessment of how the product can provide meaning or self-expansion to the consumer. When consumers attempt to interpret marketing communications and product value, they often rely on stereotypes and the halo effect, which is where perceived value of one product offered by the marketer extends into other product brands. The halo effect involves pre-established trust in a branded product that translates into consumer perceptions that other products by the same manufacturer will be equally valuable (Schiffman and Kanuk 2010; BBC News 2005); a form of brand trust leading to brand loyalty. Estee Lauder products have been positioned as luxury products since the 1950s, with some of the first contracts for distribution established with U.S.-based high-end retailers such as Saks Fifth Avenue. Celebrity endorsemen ts have been utilised for decades illustrating endorsers sharing aspirational characteristics relevant to consumers that are motivated by credible and attractive famous figures. Thus, Estee Lauder products are generational and the brand has been a common household name in beauty enhancement, with considerable brand awareness and loyalty with certain target markets. Escalas and Bettman (2005) state that brands become symbolic especially when they are tied to celebrity involvement; taking on perceived characteristics of glitz, aspiration and charm when consumers compare the ability of the product to enhance their self-image. When attempting to understand perception, it is necessary to highlight the aspirational opportunities of certain luxury brands, especially those that influence advancement of the consumers’ social status and reference group affiliation (Kim, Forsythe, Gu and Moon 2002). In fact, O’Cass and McEwen (2004) identify the phenomenon of status consumption, in which buyers of a product select the brand as a means of showing their social status in order to achieve some form of psychological satisfaction. This is where stereotypes come into play for marketers since many luxury consumers are very concerned about their role in affiliation with important reference group figures. Estee Lauder has been able to create an aspirational brand that is perceived by many consumer segments as being viable for improving their social lives

Questions on Global Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Questions on Global Issues - Essay Example egitimacy as a source of national identity, will open doors for other mediums such as religion and culture to fill the void for nationalism and further threaten the state. This struggle is reminiscent of what Samuel Huntington wrote in his book The Clash of Civilization, he notes that in the post-Cold War era, wars and conflicts will be fought not because of economic or ideological reasons, but because of cultural phenomenon brought about by clashes among civilizations. He argues that Western instruments of modernity will create conflicts with the non-Western world due to the isolation and aggression that it will create. With globalization bringing nations and cultures together, non-Western cultures may feel isolated and threatened. In order to protect themselves, and with no apparent formal channel to do so under the nation-state, religion –being inextricably linked and identified with culture, becomes a crucial refuge and a powerful tool to fight back. However, due to the changes in today’s world – deeper integration between nations and economies, rapid developments in communications and technology (including instruments of war), blurring of national borders, and a growing animosity towards the Western world due to the spread of information among different nations and cultures; conflict, including those propelled by religious beliefs, have taken a new and more complicated face. Religious warfare, unlike the traditional conduct of war, has become more complicated to address because, as Mark Juergensmeyer notes, religious struggle (1) gives the moral authority for extremists to embark on â€Å"catastrophic acts with biblical proportions,† (2) takes generations to succeed, and (3) provide both a personal and symbolic redemption for its perpetrators. By elevating their struggles to a cosmic war, religious extremists not only elevate their fight to be one of good against evil, they also impact public consciousness, bringing awareness, and at times sympathy, to

Distinguishing the Arts and Crafts in Books

Distinguishing the Arts and Crafts in Books OVERVIEW OF THE TOPIC This dissertation examines the craft of the book and its distinction between Art and Craft. Is it considered an art form†¦ a fine art if you will, or simply a traditional craft? The intended, original purpose of the book, was to be used as a means of recording information, but soon developed to become a piece of literature used for education or to contain novels of drama, fantasy, crime and other assorted genres, eventually developing further into aesthetically pleasing objects of art. In this digital era our daily lives have become disengaged from touch and so the craft of the book is taken for granted, with no thought taken into how books are made, whether it is by means of machine or by hand. REASONS FOR INVESTIGATION The tactile nature and this production method of books†¦ the traditional handmade method to be more precise is what drew me to this subject. I myself am an obsessive bookbinder, producing handcrafted books on a daily basis; there is a concrete sense of satisfaction felt in transforming sheets of paper or other media into a book. I am fascinated with this traditional craft and the aesthetic qualities the book possess, with the use of fine quality materials used and the traditional techniques and methods. However, more recently, there are now other uses for the traditionally bound book, one being the function as an artists medium, an art object known today as Artists Books. Having just recently discovered this art form, I feel more investigation is needed to distinguish what sets it apart from the traditionally crafted book. Is this genre of book art considered an art or craft? KEY AIMS AND OBJECTIVES There will be a number of key aims and objectives to this exploration of the craft of the book. However the primary objective of this study will be to determine the art and craft aspects of this handmade production of books, determining their distinctions. William Morris, a well-known figure in the Arts Crafts movement, will be a vital key thinker in studying the traditional craft aspect of the book. Morris, going back to the traditional methods of the 15th century, produces books â€Å"†¦with the hope of producing some which would have a definite claim to beauty†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [1] At the other end of the scale, Johanna Drucker, a scholarly writer in the book arts, will be a vital key thinker in exploring the art aspect of the book, more specifically the subject of Artists Books. Her book, The Century of Artists Books explores the Artists Book and its development in form and concept. She comments that Artists Books â€Å"†¦did not exist in their current form before the 20th century†.[2] That being the case, there is a possible transformation of the book from a traditional craft, to an expressive art form, which will be explored in the coming chapters, along with further exploration to discover the of moment of liberation for the book designer and the Artists Book. STRUCTURE The first chapter examines the historical significance of the book and its perceived appearance as a work of art. It will begin by reviewing the history of the book as a container of information, as a means of recording the past, touching on the various methods, techniques and technologies that were paramount in the craft of book production. Key thinkers involved will be Lucien Febvre and Henri-Jean Martin, in particular their highly credited book, The Coming of the Book. Along with other key thinkers in this field of study, they will assist in examining the development of the book and print culture, exploring the historical importance and emergence of the codex book that we are familiar with today. The first chapter will also consider the work of William Morris, a leader in the Arts Crafts Movement, and his interest in the craft of the book and the traditional methods of book production he used. Morriss greatest achievement, the influential Kelmscott Press, will set the scene to explore the growth of the private press of the twentieth century. Does the private press of today meet the standards of early traditional book production? Can the handmade qualities of the private press be compared to the machine made? As David Pye comments on his theories in workmanship, the effects of the finish and the aspects of the handmade, â€Å"Some materials promise far more than others but only the workman can bring out what they promise†.[3] The second chapter however, will be concerned with the book in relation to art, or to be more specific†¦ the Artists Book. Here the referencing of Johanna Drucker, a key thinker and scholarly writer on the subject, will be useful as it will introduce the early forms of the Artists Book, focusing more on the development of the book as an object of art. As well as a select few artists that were paramount in the development of the Artists Book, the work of William Blake, Ed Ruscha and Dieter Roth will be explored along with the relationship between text and image, artist and author. The third and final chapter offers a study of Fine Bindings being produced today, focusing on the work of Shepherds Bookbinders of London as great examples of contemporary bindings. The books in particular are a set of hand crafted, limited edition Ian Fleming novels†¦ the James Bond series to be more precise. They are of high quality craftsmanship, although with aesthetic qualities that would consider them to be works of art. Compared to their paperback counterparts, the study of these books will aid in understanding whether the handcrafted books of today are considered art or craft. The study will review numerous definitions of art and craft, which I shall discuss in the conclusion. Will a definitive distinction between art and craft be achieved? Will the craft of the book fit into either one of these categories, or even its own category yet to be named? The answers to these questions and more will be discovered in the coming chapters of this investigation. Sources [1] Ruari McLean, Modern Book Design: from William Morris to the present day, Faber Faber, London, 1958, p.11 [2] Johanna Drucker, The Century of Artists Books, Granary Books, New York, 2004, p.1 [3] David Pye, The Nature Art of Workmanship, University Press, Cambridge, 1968, p.2

School will Improve Education in America

School choice will improve education in America. Public schools are grossly inefficient, and are not educating many of America's youths adequately. Schools that are run independent from local government bureaucracy provide better education at lower cost. School choice would allow more students to attend better schools. School choice is a potent educational reform that is far more effective than increased spending. The fears of opponents of school choice are factually unfounded. School choice is necessary to improve American education. Through allowing more parental choice in education, school choice forces education into a free market environment. As it is now, parents send children to the nearest school, assigned to them by the school district. If a family is wealthy enough and chooses to do so, parents can send children to private schools. However, this family then pays twice for one education. They still pay their taxes, and they pay the tuition for the private school. Under a school choice plan, any parent who decides to send their child to a private school will receive a scholarship from the government, redeemable for tuition at scholarship accepting private schools. The scholarship dollar amount is far below that of the average cost per student per year at public schools, but would allow millions of parents who cannot presently afford private tuition to do so. If a school performed poorly, parents would choose to remove their children, and then send to them to better schools. If a school began losing all its students, and therefore all its funding, the school would desire to improve. Under the current system, government schools get your money whether they are doing a good job or not. Milton Friedman was one of the first people to propose a school choice plan. Since he did so over a quarter century ago, support has expanded rapidly. However, few plans for school choice have actually been enacted. The city of Milwaukee enacted a program designed by future choice icon Polly Williams. She asked the simple yet brilliant question, â€Å"Why not allow tax dollars to go to the schools that are working? † (Harmer, 162) The plan does not allow religious schools to participate, and allows only low-income children to take part. Schools that participate can have no more than 49% of their students are scholarship receiving students. The extremely limited scale demonstration has had little effect on Milwaukee public schools, but has enabled many students to attend better schools. The number of students in the choice program has grown every year, in 1990 there were 341, in 1994 there were 846. (McGroarty, 36) In California in 1993, the Parental Choice in Education Initiative was placed on the ballot. The initiative was defeated by more than 2 to 1. However, proponents were outspent by a factor of 4 to 1. Unions such as the AFL-CIO, Nation Education Association, and California Teachers association raised over $17 million. Proponents raised only $4. 1 million, and were left with only $2. 5 million once they got the initiative on the ballot. (Harmer, 147) Demonstrators attempted to physically prevent people from signing the petitions to get the initiative on the ballot. People deliberately signed the petition multiple times to hamper school choice efforts. One person signed 23 times. Principles and teachers sent home anti-school choice information with children. School boards, such as that of the Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD), illegally used public funds and forums to send an anti-choice message. From the standpoint of well to do Washington, D. C. suburbs, a school choice plan may seem unnecessary. Choice plans are not designed to help the upper-middle or upper class children. David Harmer wrote, â€Å"In my travels as president of the Excellence through Choice in Education League (ExCEL), I rarely met rich white suburban Republicans who were desperate for alternative schools. † (Harmer, 114) They already get a good education from government schools. However, rural poor and inner-city children do not have that luxury. For example, in the city of Milwaukee, only 40% of freshman will eventually graduate from high school, and the average GPA for students is a D+. (McGroarty, 30) School choice plans would help these students the most. The people most involved in the education system are the ones who most easily realize the problems of government schools. The Wall Street Journal wrote that, â€Å"The California State Census Data Center, after analyzing the 1990 Census, found that about 18. 2% of the state's public school teachers send their children to private schools. That's nearly twice the statewide average for all households, which is 9. 7%† (Harmer, 28) College entrance exam scores have been dropping across the board, and the US often ranks dead last in international comparisons among industrialized nations. From 1960 to 1992, the average SAT score dropped 76 points. If one were to include the reenterings of the SAT test, scores would drop even further. (Harmer, 19) The landmark study by the National Commission on Excellence in Education, A Nation at Risk, claimed, â€Å"Each generation of Americans has outstripped its parents in education, in literacy, and in economic attainment. For the first time in the history of our country, the educational skills of one generation will not surpass, will not equal, will not even approach, those of their parents. † (Harmer, 25) In addition academic failure, public schools are failing to produce good citizens. According to a Tulane study, 20% of suburban high schooler's condoned shooting someone who had stolen something of theirs. (Harmer, 29) The answer, contrary to what many education reformers claim, is not to throw more money into schools. Only one nation in the entire world spends more money per student, per year than the US, Switzerland. Japan, whose schools consistently outperform those of the US, spends only half as much money per student. Accounting for inflation, per student expenditure has increased 40 percent since 1982, and has tripled since 1960. (Harmer, 38) The image of the â€Å"criminally-underfunded† public school is false. Class size has also failed to improve education. The pupil teacher ratio declined from 25. 8:1 in 1960 to 17. 3:1 in 1991. Even in urban public schools, the ratio is as low as 17. 9:1. (McGroarty, 16) The image of the over crowded inner city school is also false. There is no relationship between spending and educational achievement in grade schools. A recent comparison of per student expenditure and scores on the National Assessment of Educational Progress tests by Forbes and Right Data Associates found the correlation coefficient for a linear relationship between spending and test scores to be 0. 12. (This value could range from -1 to 1, the closer the absolute value of the correlation coefficient is to 1, the stronger the relationship. ) (Brimelow, 52) Where does all the money go? In the LAUSD only 36 % of school funding is spent on teacher salaries, textbooks, and supplies. Thirty-one people are paid over $100,000 a year, only one of which is a teacher. Statewide in California, only 44 percent of the people employed by the school system are teachers. In the independent schools in California, 86 percent of school employees are teachers. (Harmer, 41-43) The situation is the same nationwide. Researcher Michael Fisher found that only 25. 7% of funds reach the classroom in Milwaukee schools. (McGroarty, 21) It is plain to see that throwing more money at schools and calling it reform won't help the situation. Leaders of the National Education Association and its statewide affiliates have done much of the campaigning against proposed school choice plans. They represent the only people who are set to lose because of school choice: the education bureaucrats. Their jobs will no longer be guaranteed by a government monopoly. Many people fear that schools supported by the new choice movements would be fly-by-night institutions that are out to make a profit, teach racial and religious discrimination, and condone violent behavior. However, legislative school choice efforts have placed regulations on independent schools. The Parental Choice in Education initiative in California contained the following items: (1) No school, which discriminates on the basis of race, ethnicity, color, or national origin, may redeem scholarships. (2) To the extent permitted by this Constitution and the Constitution of the United States. The State shall prevent from redeeming scholarships any school which advocates unlawful behavior; teaches hatred of any person or group on the basis of race, ethnicity, color, national origin, religion, or gender; or deliberately provides false or misleading information respecting the school. 3) No school with fewer than 25 students may redeem scholarships, unless the Legislature provides otherwise. These measures would prevent fraud and discrimination. School choice does not condone discrimination. Government already regulates private schools to some degree, and this would definitely not decrease with the use of vouchers. Too many people are under the opinion that private schools are all elite academies or preppy boarding schools, both of which charge admission the price of a college education. However, 95 percent of Catholic schools, and 88 percent of Protestant schools charge tuition under $2,500 a year. Robert Genetski said, â€Å"Average cost data for public and private education indicate that in 1990 the operating cost per student for kindergarten through grade 12 in public schools was $4,841, compared with private school costs of $1,902. † (Harmer, 76) The truth is that even the poorest of parents would be able to afford a private education with a school choice plan. In legislative efforts for choice in California, parents would receive a voucher for half the cost of public schools, which would completely cover the costs of many adequate private schools. It is true that the government would lose money by giving scholarships to students already attending private schools. However, the government gains money by losing new students to private schools, since only half of a students tax money follows the student. The students that leave after school choice is enacted would provide a pool of money that would more than cover current private school attendees. Furthermore, David Harmer, author of the Parental Choice in Education initiative and School Choice: Why You Need It, How You Get It, said that if he had to rewrite the initiative, he would include a measure that would phase in school choice. Each year one new grade would be allowed to participate, starting at Kindergarten, and ending with grade 12. No students currently in private schools would benefit from school choice. (Harmer, 178) Opponents of school choice fear that children with special needs would be left out in the cold, since private schools would deny them admission. However, special education is already dealt with by a voucher type system. Public schools cannot meet the needs of many children, so the government sends these children with special needs to private contractors, such as the local School for Contemporary Education. Children who have special needs are guaranteed an equivalent education by many state laws, and this would not change under a school choice plan. Edd Doerr wrote that, â€Å"Despite repeated and misleading claims to the contrary, vouchers are merely the latest in a long line of attempts by sectarian special interests to channel public money to church-related education institutions. (Doerr, et al, 37) He conjures up images of â€Å"government funded religious schools† that, horror of horrors, teach religion. However, the GI Bill is constitutional! If a student decides to spend money from the government on a religious education, it does not mean that the wall between church and state has come tumbling down. Today students use money from the GI Bill and Pell Grants at religious colleges without any problem. Voucher plans are the exact same thing, except with younger kids. George Bush even called his school choice plan the â€Å"GI Bill for Kids. To say that vouchers fund religious schools is to say that food stamps are government funding of supermarkets. As to cultural balkanization, school choice would not effect this at all. Religious or racial discrimination is not allowed. The claim that society is held together by a â€Å"common school experience† is a faulty argument. Schools exist to teach, not for the sake of existing. Americans respect diversity and freedom of opinion, but somehow a diversity of ideas in education seems anathema. Private schools send a higher percentage of students to college than do public schools. Their students perform better on standardized tests. They operate more cost efficiently. They are directly responsible to the parents of their students, while public schools pay more attention to school boards and administrators. Government schools have had a monopoly on children for far too long. Thanks to their efforts, one third of American seventeen-year-olds cannot locate France on a map of the world. Only one in ten can write a reasonable paragraph or do pre-college mathematics. Every citizen in America deserves a decent education. School choice can make it happen.